Sunday, May 30, 2010

Extreme Custom Streetfighter Motorcycle

Extreme motorcycle modification motorsport

Extreme Custom Streetfighter Motorcycle
All full-custom motorcycle design. custom body and frame design. super wide tires and wheels. looks unique and extreme, but this cool motorcycle.

Saturday, May 29, 2010

MTT Y2K Turbine


MTT Y2K Turbine airbrush custom

Friday, May 28, 2010

2010 Yamaha YZF-R1 LE - USA Specifications

2010 Yamaha YZF-R1 LE - USA Specifications:

Engine
Type 998cc, liquid-cooled four-cylinder DOHC 16 valves (titanium intake valves)
Bore x Stroke 78.0mm X 52.2mm
Compression ratio 12.7:1
Fuel Delivery Fuel Injection with YCC-T and YCC-I
Ignition TCI: Transistor Controlled Ignition
Transmission 6-speed w / multiplate slipper clutch
Final Drive # 530 O-ring chain

Chassis
Suspension / Front 43mm inverted fork, fully adjustable, 4.7-in travel
Suspension / Rear Single shock w / piggyback reservoir, 4-way adjustable, 4.7-in travel
Brakes / Front Dual 310mm discs, radial-mount forged 6-piston calipers
Brakes / Rear 220mm disc, single piston caliper
Tires / Front 120/70-ZR17
Tires / Rear 190/55ZR17

Size
Length 81.5 in
Width 28.1 in
Height 44.5 in
Seat Height 32.8 in
Wheelbase 55.7 in
Rake (caster angle) 24.0 °
Trail 4.0 in
Fuel Capacity 4.8 gal
Dry Weight 454 pounds

Other
Primary Reduction Ratio 65/43 (1.512)
Secondary Reduction Ratio 47/17 (2.765)
Gear Ratio - 1st Gear 38/15 (2.533)
Gear Ratio - 2nd Gear 33/16 (2.063)
Gear Ratio - 3rd Gear 37/21 (1.762)
Gear Ratio - 4th Gear 35/23 (1.522)
Gear Ratio - 5th Gear 30/22 (1.364)
Warranty 1 Year (Limited Factory Warranty)
Gear Ratio - 6th Gear 33/26 (1.269)

Thursday, May 27, 2010

New 2010 Yamaha YZF-R1 LE


Sports YZF-R1 LE new livery as Valentino Rossi YZF-M1 MotoGP bike, but will come in very limited quantities. MotoGP Technology with a face that fits.

2010 Yamaha YZF-R1LE new technology not only provides a lot of Valentino Rossi's championship, but also see the champion and style. The R1 is the first production motorcycle with a crankshaft crossplane. The result? Outrageous and raw torque, high rpm power to give extraordinary powers smooth delivery from the corner. While the Fiat Yamaha team put a graphic style is very smooth.

( 2010 ) NEW TRIUMPH DAYTONA 675 SE



( 2010 ) NEW TRIUMPH DAYTONA 675 SE
The New Triumph Daytona 675SE beauteous new liverylivery has been advised to enhance the British bike’s glassy and attenuate profile, with anew styled dejected cartoon and race-inspired pinstripes on the graphite coloured wheels.

Powered by the critically-acclaimed 675cc three-cylinder agent bearing 126bhp, the Daytona 675SE is mechanically identical to the accepted Daytona 675, which has accustomed accepted acclaim back its addition at the alpha of the year. Back barrage the accepted archetypal has won abundant alley and clue based accumulation tests adjoin its supersportsupersport chic competitors and is the apparatus of best for the acute rider.

( 2010 ) NEW TRIUMPH DAYTONA 675 SE
NEW TRIUMPH DAYTONA 675 SE WALLPAPER

The circuit-developed apparatus embraces the actual latest anatomy technology, including awful adult and adjustable abeyance both at the advanced and rear. These abeyance units, adjustable for both aerial and low acceleration compression damping, accord unparalleled levels of ascendancy for the antic addition while alms a plusher than accepted ride on asperous alley surfacesroad surfaces.

A abounding ambit of official accessories are accessible for the Daytona 675SE, giving owners an befalling to personalise both the looks and achievement of their machine. Clue day enthusiasts are able-bodied catered for with a cardinal of accessories, including abundant failing carbon fibre parts, a ‘plug-and-play’ quickshifter set, and admirable race-style rear set footrests and silencers developed in cooperation with Italian chase specialists Arrow Special Parts.

Modif New Yamaha WR250X

Modif New Yamaha WR250XModif New Yamaha WR250X

New Modif Husqvarna

New Modif HusqvarnaNew Modif Husqvarna

New Minerva Modif

New Minerva ModifNew Minerva Modif

Wednesday, May 26, 2010

( 2010 ) NEW CAN-AM SPYDER ROADSTER RS-S

( 2010 ) NEW CAN-AM SPYDER ROADSTER RS-S
CAN-AM SPYDER ROADSTER RS-S 2010

The Spyder faces no absolute antagonism to date, i.e. a axial basement apparatus with two-wheels in advanced and one in back. Harley Davidson’s Street Glide Trike and Tri Glide Ultra Classic accept their distinct caster up front, afterpiece to a motorcycle, and advertise for a lot more: $19,299 for the Spyder RS compared to $33,109 for the H-D Trike and $36,689 for the Tri Glide. The aforementioned can be said for the assorted three caster about-face kits for assorted H-D and ample Honda bikes. Piaggio’s MP3 scooters behave absolutely like a motorcycle. And, the T-Rex from Campagna Motors appear with a roof and abounding cage, houses the disciplinarian and commuter side-by-side central the borderline anatomy instead of over the engine, appearance a council wheel, and sells for over $53,000 a pop.

( 2010 ) NEW CAN-AM SPYDER ROADSTER RS-S

( 2010 ) NEW CAN-AM SPYDER ROADSTER RS-S
( 2010 ) NEW CAN-AM SPYDER ROADSTER RS-S WALLPAPERS

The Spyder’s action touring orientation, embodied by the quick and liveable RS (More Porsche than Mercedes) model, agency it is advised added for an auto audience rather than a motorcycle one. In fact, all you charge to ride a Spyder in Quebec is a Class 5 active admittance (automobile) and booty a 7-hour specialized training session, article that is abiding to allurement abounding newcomers to the open-top experience. A motorcycle admittance additionally allows you to ride it, of course.

The V-Twin agent from Rotax (a Bombardier subsidiary) displaces 990 cc and appearance two camshafts, four valves per cylinder, and a antithesis shaft to bedew vibrations. Earlier versions of this abundant agent powered the Aprilia RSV1000R and Tuono 1000R, again the Buell 1125R and CR, area it accepted reliable and angry out added than absorbing performances. On the Spyder RS-S, the best contempo iteration, as acclimatized to the roadster’s accurate needs, delivers 106 ponies at 8,500 rpm, a accomplished 33 hp beneath than the adaptation powering the Aprilias. The accommodation is added torque over a nice, constant, ample ambit that bliss off as aboriginal as 2,000 rpm and climbs up to 77.8 ft-lb at 6,250 rpm, area it gradually tapers off en avenue to the red line.

Tuesday, May 25, 2010

( 2010 ) NEW MINERVA FISCHER MRX 650

( 2010 ) NEW MINERVA FISCHER MRX 650
NEW MINERVA FISCHER MRX 650

PT Minerva Motor Indonesia (MMI) assuredly affirm the barrage time ( 2010 ) NEW MINERVA FISCHER MRX 650 in amphitheatre water. The plan, Minerva will authority a bendable barrage that backpack motor action 650 cc agent in July 2010.

Fischer's arrival, according Kristianto absolutely appropriate because it is the buyer of the motor in accession to Fischer, Fischer additionally accepted as the above Superbike champion. MRX 650 motor is spelled out his own appropriate because in accession advised by Daniel Fischer MRX 650 blueprint were already burdened with nuances of racing.

Moreover, V-Twin agent endemic by Korea's Hyosung 650 cc with a boxy six-speed manual affianced on this bike. The apparatus has a accommodation of 647 cc apple-pie and has been supplemented with liquid-cooled and able of spewing ability up to 80 hp at 9550 RPM with a torque circling alcove 52 Nm at 7500 RPM. In Indonesia later, Fischer MRX 650 will be ambidextrous anon with the Kawasaki Ninja ZX-6R is additionally planned to appear to the Indonesian market.

( 2010 ) NEW MINERVA FISCHER MRX 650 MINERVA FISCHER MRX 650 PICTURE


NEW MINERVA FISCHER MRX 650 Specification

Specification of ENGINE
Engine type 647 cc liquid-cooled 90 degree V-twin
Bore and Stroke 81.55mm X 62.0mm
Compression Ratio 11.47:1
Valve Train DOHC four valves per cylinder
Fuel Management Dual Mikuni 39mm
Ignition Computer-controlled digital with variable mapping
DRIVE TRAIN
Transmission Six speed
Final drive 525 Regina O-ring sealed chain
CHASSIS / SUSPENSION / BRAKES
Front suspension 43mm inverted telescopic with compression and rebound adjustment
Rear Suspension Ohlins single shock with adjustable ride height, compression damping, and spring preload
Front Brake Dual semi-floating 310mm disc, Brembo master cylinder, Goodridge steel brake lines
Rear Brake Single 210 mm disc
Front Tire Bridgestone, 120/70 ZR-17 radial
Rear Tire Bridgestone, 160/60 ZR-17 radial
DIMENSIONS
Rake 24.0 degrees
Trail 3.86 inches/98.0 mm
Wheelbase 55 inches / 1397 mm
Seat height Adjustable 29.5-31.5 inches / 749-800 mm
Actual Dry Weight, MRX 382 lbs / 166.47 kg
Actual Dry Weight, MRX (SP) 357 lbs / 157.4 kg
Actual Dry Weight, MRX (Race) 346 lbs / 150.59 kg
Fuel capacity 4.6 gallons
PERFORMANCE
Horsepower, crankshaft 80 @ 9550 RPM (with Ram Air)
Torque 52 @ 7500 RPM

source : oto.detik

2010 Kawasaki Concours 14 ABS Review


Building a continent-crossing performance of its predecessor, 2010 Concours 14 ABS tour includes new features and latest technology support rider. Delivering better performance and comfortable SupersPort amazing distance tourism potential, the Concours 14 stands apart from its competitors.

More Technology and Refinements for this Multiple Award Winner

The performance of the natural attractions for Kawasaki, seeing how we already have nailed the performance equation with incredible sportbike Ninja ZX -14. It's amazing bike 1352 cc engine and a unique monocoque frame lent itself perfectly to this exciting new class of motorcycle sport touring the continent, and genuine Kawasaki Concours 14 and Concours 14 ABS rose straight to the top of the list of critics just two short years ago. But people who ride motorcycles are not known for their patience. Two years later, the Concours 14 generations benefit from the laundry list of all comfort, convenience and safety items carefully designed to surpass all expectations what should be the perfect sport tourer.

The biggest changes are immediately obvious: All-new bodywork not only provide new Concours 14 a more aggressive stance, it is also designed to channel more heat away from the rider for increased comfort. Meanwhile, higher than 2.75 inches, the windshield-adjustable electric cars create air pockets which are greater for drivers and passengers, and a new channel on the instrument panel relieve the low pressure area behind the windshield to cruise, even smoother still. When the weather turned cold, the new bikes have your hand closed, heated handle with ease the standards set by precise control on the space, new storage can be locked in the left fairing. Fines cruise lovers will note that all pieces of body trim was redesigned and fit together with precision and quality levels are usually found on bikes cost thousands of dollars more.

looks chiselled The new Concours 14 ABS backed by comprehensive new advanced safety electronics. The second generation K-ACT (Kawasaki Advanced Coactive-brake technology) depends on a strong ECU to give you a choice of two modes are very subtle, anti-lock braking connected. And while the ABS sensors on the wheels already in place, the engineers used their Concours 14 as part of the control system of traction the first time Kawasaki: KTRC (Kawasaki Traction Control) monitors any speed difference between front and rear wheels to help reduce wheelspin on slippery surfaces, and provide an extra piece of mind for motorists. (KTRC of course, easily turned on and off, the rider's discretion.)

The core issues remain the same. The Concours 14 engine produces exceptional torque-to-low, followed by an impressive variety of mid-wave transition into a top-end rush on most open class sportbikes would envy. Most of the very broad powerband can be associated with its variable valve timing (VVT) system. VVT camshaft profile automatically changes according to the rpm, to improve low-end and mid-range torque without sacrificing top-end power. Advanced fuel injection, a sub-throttle valve, ram-air induction and decades of experience building the most powerful engine in the motorcycle world add up to an amazing powerplant, a major force to be reckoned with in the sport-touring segment performance.

Good rest of the wheel running Concours 14 is up to the challenge. Its unique monocoque frame provides the structural integrity of a massive joint with good handling characteristics. Embracing the machine from above, keep the bike narrow compact structure where necessary and vital system allows optimal packing a bicycle. Tetra-Lever shaft drive, which sends all that power to the rear, four-link design used to offset the tendency of squat lift and lower system drive shaft when the throttle was opened and closed, resulting in handling sportbike true - and Tetra-Lever almost entirely maintenance free. The powertrain Concours 14's have received critical praise worldwide for its silk-smooth delivery.

For that awesomely strong foundation we add carefully sculpted saddle, all the comforts you would expect and a beautiful pair of integrated, area, waterproof saddlebags - and away you go. An integrated high-speed machine with a DNA SupersPort tour without any doubt, the Concours 14 and Concours 14 ABS is more ready for you there than ever.

The second-generation Concours tour includes 14 new features and updated technology to advance the state of the art sports tourism. The Concours 14 has received praise from journalists, experts and review the current owners who have experienced other worlds, and urge the noble serenity ZX -14 Ninja-based engine, and chassis.

Kawasaki has been a showcase for the latest technology, the new Concours 14 ABS model adds several new systems designed to enhance the riding experience. KTRC, Kawasaki's first traction control system, helping to provide peace of mind when negotiating slippery surfaces. ACT II K-selected, ABS brakes complement coactive sports oriented driver's input with additional strength enhancements to improve braking performance on various surfaces increased.

Both versions include a number of upgrades, bodywork repairs and changes in detail that could improve rider comfort, and make long distance travel easier than ever before. A windshield of a larger offering extra protection to wind and disappearing hot new bodywork to provide better management. A number of additional new features, such as the handle is heated, the functions of a computer upgrade, relocated the glove box and tank bag hook offers added convenience and enhance performance Concours 14's touring.

Sunday, May 23, 2010

Motor Minerva R150 VX Modification

For those of you who doubted the courage of the motor Minerva R150 VX assume to anticipate again. Because the motor Anyar Minerva's has accepted a adequately reliable performance.

The robustness of the new agent aloof launched on 27 April 2010 was accepted in the accomplished R150 VX Endurance Tour accident captivated by PT Minerva Motor Indonesia (MMI) beyond the artery Jakarta to Bandung via Puncak a meandering weekend.

Testing begins from breadth MT Haryono, Jakarta appear the summit. In this aboriginal date of Minerva R150 VX allure admiration. Severe accordance or accordance frequently encountered in Minerva R150 accept ahead been bargain significantly.

Handling of this bike was adequate and about reasonable 'according to' aback asked to action through curves or alike army the road.

Line the top of the ascend was not alike accomplish the motor captivation accommodation of 150 cc agent was out of breath. Uphill aisle in the arena can calmly be eaten by Minerva R150 VX.

Apart from the top, angle the aliment is still a trip, actuality abeyant upside bottomward in the advanced and monoshock at the aback accepted to be actual accessible although detikOto too bendable according to the admeasurement of a motor sport.

And aback they appetite to analysis the speed, the alley additionally presents the Cianjur arena forth a beeline alley about three afar was as if giving a adventitious for the tester to verify the achievement of the agent 150 cc, SOHC Advance Balancer Oil Cooler with aiguille ability up to 13.5 dk with the torque alcove 10 , 5 Nm.

There a tester can alike accompany this VX Minerva R150 ran up to 130 km / h with ease. "It could be faster if the alley was added quiet," he said.

But altered things appear aback the associates entered the burghal of Bandung. In a burghal inhabited by abounding fathers of this beautiful, associates were greeted by cartage jams that action on about all roads.

But again, Minerva R150 VX prove kenyamananya. Bandung artery bottleneck is not too acquainted acknowledgment to Minerva R150 VX administration that feels appealing exciting.

And aback he accomplished the goal, it turns out that ammunition burning Minerva R150 VX bashed to bisect the absolute acreage is a actual assorted artery that was classified as able and alone had 1:45 km per liter.
Motor Minerva R150 VX Modification

Kawasaki ER-6N Review


If international standards are used, then a motor-status should "big motor" when powered with a capacity of 600cc and above 33 hp. Kawasaki ER-6N-capacity 650cc two-cylinder inline engine is powered 70 hp. A performance that is more than enough to bloat the All new Ducati Monster 696 though. Moreover, the estimated cost only $ 13,000

Friday, May 21, 2010

2011 Jaguar XJ L Supercharged

2011 Jaguar XJ L Supercharged Front View2011 Jaguar XJ L Supercharged Front View

2011 Jaguar XJ L Supercharged Badge Photo2011 Jaguar XJ L Supercharged Badge Photo

2011 Jaguar XJ L Supercharged Car Picture2011 Jaguar XJ L Supercharged Car Picture

2011 Jaguar XJ L Supercharged Gauges2011 Jaguar XJ L Supercharged Gauges

2011 Jaguar XJ L Supercharged Side View2011 Jaguar XJ L Supercharged Side View

2011 Jaguar XJ L Supercharged First Drive2011 Jaguar XJ L Supercharged First Drive

2011 Jaguar XJ L Supercharged Interior2011 Jaguar XJ L Supercharged Interior

2011 Jaguar XJ L Supercharged Luxury Cars2011 Jaguar XJ L Supercharged Luxury Cars

2011 Jaguar XJ L Supercharged Rear Side View2011 Jaguar XJ L Supercharged Rear Side View

2011 Jaguar XJ L Supercharged Car wallpaper2011 Jaguar XJ L Supercharged Car wallpaper

2011 Jaguar XJ L Supercharged Wheel2011 Jaguar XJ L Supercharged Wheel

2011 Jaguar XJ L Supercharged Rear Light2011 Jaguar XJ L Supercharged Rear Light

2011 Peugeot 308 GTi First Look

2011 Peugeot 308 GTi Front Angle View2011 Peugeot 308 GTi Front Angle View

2011 Peugeot 308 GTi Steering Wheel2011 Peugeot 308 GTi Steering Wheel

2011 Peugeot 308 GTi Car Picture2011 Peugeot 308 GTi Car Picture

2011 Peugeot 308 GTi Side View2011 Peugeot 308 GTi Side View

2011 Peugeot 308 GTi Car Interior2011 Peugeot 308 GTi Car Interior

2011 Peugeot 308 GTi Rear Angle View2011 Peugeot 308 GTi Rear Angle View

2011 Peugeot 308 GTi Rear Wing2011 Peugeot 308 GTi Rear Wing

2011 Peugeot 308 GTi Sports Car2011 Peugeot 308 GTi Sports Car

Wednesday, May 19, 2010

2013 Geely Low Cost Cars from China

Prices are not much different from the motor, this car would break the universal predicate cheapest car that had been held by the Tata Nano, the current price has gone up to between U.S. $ 2800-3800. IG concept itself looked impressive in the arena of the Beijing Auto Show and the design and the latest technology. In the concept model, IG apply alias gull-wing doors gullwing model with a futuristic curves.

Meanwhile, for the kitchen pacunya, Geely IG is already applying the concept of hybrid technology by combining a conventional engine with a capacity of 998 cc and an electric motor.

With the combination of two forces, the Geely IG capable drove up to the speed of 150 km / hr. Those skills gained power thanks to a donation from a conventional engine power to be able to remove 52 kW at 6000 rpm with torque reaching 93 Nm at 3400-3800 RPM.

While the electric motor driven his Iron Phosphate lithium-capable
belching power up to 60 kW at 6000 rpm engine speed reaches 180 Nm of torque at 6000 RPM.

( 2010 ) MV AGUSTA BRUTALE 1090RR REVEALED

( 2010 ) MV AGUSTA BRUTALE 1090RRMV AGUSTA BRUTALE 1090RR Wallpapers

The New and bigger apparatus array now appearance a host of new features. ( 2010 ) MV AGUSTA BRUTALE 1090RR The aboriginal I noticed is that the analog rev adverse has now been placed to the larboard while the agenda speedometer is on the right. This feels bigger decidedly on the racetrack. The new instruments are additionally bigger but to be a bit abstruse it’s still not that accessible to see the blooming aloof ablaze in sunshine. As the accessory batten is a little fiddly sometimes it would be acceptable if that blooming ablaze was a little brighter (for instance back you appetite to blow your easily at cartage lights). The accessory indicator is my favourite new affection and it’s admirable to see third adumbrated with the advanced pointing to the sky. Fuel level, baptize temperature and alike a hazard admonishing button for all four indicators to blink are all handy.


( 2010 ) MV AGUSTA BRUTALE 1090RR
( 2010 ) MV AGUSTA BRUTALE 1090RR

Riding the 2010 Brutale 1090RR boring through boondocks is now a abundant added affable acquaintance because the agent doesn’t aftermath as abundant calefaction as before. The lubrication and baptize cooling systems has been absolutely revised and my legs were happier for it.

The specs area says the 2010 archetypal is bottomward a few ponies but the Brutale is still wheelie-friendly. Horsepower and torque is now a claimed 144.2hp at 10,600rpm and 84.8 ft-lb at 8.000rpm. That’s a abounding 10 application bottomward on aftermost years claimed abstracts but the bike still ability wheelies from third accessory alike with a best swingarm so you go reckon. It’s still aloof as abundant of a brigand as you appetite it to be but the 2010 Brutale allows the addition to ascendancy it added than before.

( 2010 ) MV AGUSTA BRUTALE 1090RR

( 2010 ) MV AGUSTA BRUTALE 1090RR
The midrange is absurd and from as low as 4,000rpm the dispatch in any accessory is bland and abounding with able drive that you could alone apprehend from the better Japanese in-line fours. This actuality makes the Brutale 1090RR a actual accomplished alley motorcycle because you could ride it all day at low revs adequate the backdrop and still accept affluence of ability on tap instantly with no alive bottomward the gearbox.

Review Kawasaki Ninja ZX-12R

Kawasaki Ninja ZX-12R is a sports motorcycle manufactured by Kawasaki Motors. Before the introduction of ZX-14 (ZZR1400), ZX-12R which is the flagship sports bike and the Kawasaki Suzuki Hayabusa competitors. The ZX-12R is a fuel injection (4 x 46 mm throttle body) hypersport 1200 cc motorcycle, producing around 178 hp and 190 hp at the stop at 300 km / hour based on its ram air system.

Handling and braking in accordance with the power of the engine produces an obedient motorcycle at low speed and very easy to handle heavy traffic, but has strong acceleration and speed limited to 186 mph (300 km / h).

Pre-production models of the ZX-12R revealed a bike that was faster and more powerful than the Suzuki Hayabusa. Several important publications motorcycles were tested pre-production ZX-12R and found it to be more superior than the Hayabusa in the case of straight-line performance. In Japan, the pre-production tests showed a top speed near 200 mph. However, the ZX-12R released in 2000 proved to be quite disappointed, because the production version of the ZX-12R delayed for several weeks without notification.

Many industries in the reports that European governments have threatened to ban the ZX-12R entirely due to peculiar velocity and acceleration statistics. The threats were apparently serious, and Kawasaki bikes released by slightly de-tuned machine that failed to topple the throne Hayabusa (in terms of top speed and acceleration tests). Adjustments are not sufficient to meet the relevant parties with the ability ZX-12R's performance. Starting with 2001 models, including speed limiters to reduce peak velocity ZX-12R to 300 km / h. This is caused by the fact that governments (especially in Europe) are concerned with the ongoing search among Japanese manufacturers that the higher maximum speed, which viewed as a powerful marketing tool in most markets around the world (although the unfettered presence in markets where many cars boasting a top speed close to, or exceeds 200 mph).


Producers were told they could voluntarily limit the speed of their bikes, or there will be laws that limit the speed. Japanese manufacturers agreed on a gentlemen's agreement to limit the maximum speed to 299 km / h (186 mp / h). Kawasaki Ninja ZX-12R was discontinued in 2006.

Although not very popular in terms of sales as the Suzuki Hayabusa, ZX-12R enjoys a strong following among riders and fans. Many sports bike magazine praised the ZX-12R sportbike to overall performance. It is designed to be a sportbike all-around in addition to being extremely fast, unlike the Hayabusa is designed more for straight line speed.

Many magazines Kawasaki comparisons prove to be a bike faster and faster in the head to head comparison with the Hayabusa, but it should be noted that the bike was very close in terms of straight line performance that many factors could play into the bike faster on a particular day. However, most round magazine felt the ZX-12R is the bike "song better" than the Hayabusa, who is given logical design.

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